Department of the History of Art and Architecture

Syllabus for

EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

MEETINGS THIS TERM

Tuesday, 26 September: Course orientation:

--Assignment for 28 September: analysis of contemporary rituals

Thursday, 28 September: Settings and rituals, successful and unsuccessful:

Tu 2 Sep: "Miraculous" continuity: the case of the early cathedral of Florence:

Th 4 Sep: The Greco-Roman tradition of ritual architecture:

Tu 9 Sep: Special architectural language of Late Antiquity:

Th 11/ Tu 16 Sep: Temple and synagogue: the Jews create a new type of worship setting:

--Assignment for 18 September: read and prepare to discuss Gregory Dix, The Shape of the Liturgy, pp. 15--35 and 142--143.

Th 18 Sep: The Roman house; possibilities for transformation into the house-church

--Assignment for 23 September: read and prepare to discuss the Krautheimer text pp. 23-37; pay special attention to his description of a typical setting for Christian worship in each of his three chronological divisions.

Tu 23 Sep: Possible insertion of a Mass (live or video); Earliest Christian cult centers, pre-legalization:

Th 25 Sep: Earliest churches after the legalization of Christianity

--Assignment for 30 September: read and prepare to discuss Eusebius's description of the church at Tyre, his description of the great churches built by Constantine, and the text on the "ideal church" (in Cyril Mango, The Art of the Byzantine Empire, 312-1453, pp. 4--15 and 24--25.� To Eusebius and his contemporaries, what were the key features of a church?

Tu 30 Sep: Constantine as builder:

--Assignment for 2 October: read and prepare to discuss George Armstrong's article on Constantine's Churches in the Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians for 1974, pp. 5--16; what are the five categories of Constantinian churches he individuates?

Th 2 October: St. Peter's:

--Last day for determining choice of term paper topic.

Tu 7 Oct: Post-Constantinian churches in Rome:

Th 9 Oct: Constantine's buildings in the Holy Land and the East:

Tu 14 Oct: Churches for the Imperial family and Court:

Th 16 Oct: Two related northern Christian capitals: Milan and Trier:

--Two-page bibliography and "encyclopedia entry" synopsis of your term paper due in class today

Tu 21 Oct: Provincial church-building:

Th 23 Oct: New Magnificence in Rome: late 4th & 5th centuries:

Tu 28 Oct: MID TERM TEST

Th 30 Oct: Post-Constantinian churches in Greece and Asia Minor:

Tu 4 November: Complex church plans in Syria and adjoining lands:

Th 6 Nov: Martyria and Baptistery as Christian types:

Tu 11 Nov: Early Christian Ravenna before Justinian:

--Assignment for 13 November: read and prepare to discuss Procopius's description of Justinian's Hagia Sofia church (Mango, pp. 72--79, with two other texts on the same building).

Th 13 Nov: Justinian's Hagia Sofia:

--Term papers due today in class.

Tu 18 Nov: Other monuments in or directed from Justinian's Constantinople:

Th 20 Nov: Justinianic Ravenna:

Tu 25 Nov: Architecture of the "Dark Ages":

[Thanksgiving, Thursday 27 November: University not in session]

Tu 2 December and Th 4 Dec: Middle- and Late-Byzantine monuments:

Alternate last lectures:

Carolingian and Ottonians reflections of Byzantine style:

Islamic architecture:

Romanesque as the last Byzantine trace in Europe:

MONDAY DECEMBER 8: Final examination 10--11:50 a.m., regular classroom (alternate oral examinations for students who wish that option)

OTHER COURSE INFORMATION:

Website for this course: www.pitt.edu/~tokerism, click on "Early Christian & Byzantine Architecture" (works best with MS Explorer rather than Netscape, and you may need to enter your i.d. as "pittsburgh," and your password as "123456").

Instructor: Frank Toker; office on balcony of Frick Library reading room; student meeting hours are Tuesday afternoons 4 to 6 p.m.� Telephone 412.648.2419; email ftoker@pitt.edu.

READINGS: The course text is Richard Krautheimer's Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, 4th ed. (Yale University Press: The Pelican History of Art; New Haven & London, 1986), available at the University Book Centre and elsewhere around town, and on reserve shelf.

GRADING will be based 25% on a mid-term test, 25% on the final exam (optional oral exam), and 50% on a research paper on a particular building that falls in our time-span.� Other occasional exercises or readings may also influence the term grade. �

This course rigorously follows this Department's statement on academic integrity: "Plagiarizing is an act that violates the Student Conduct Code, and will not be tolerated in this class. Plagiarized assignments will result in a failing grade for that assignment."� Plagiarism is here defined as the use of six words in a row without a quotation mark and/or clear indication of their origin.� Note that in the world of the Internet, plagiarizing has gotten ever more easy: it is mandatory that the full URL address be given for every website you draw upon for your research.� Cheating in any form will result in a failing grade for the course.

EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE: THE MAJOR MONUMENTS

Space and time:

019 map of Italy

020 map of Eastern Mediterranean

"Miraculous" continuity: the case of the early cathedral of Florence:

Florence, Italy: domus of Senator Decentius, 50 AD--500 (miracles of 394 and 406)

Pittsburgh: house-church of Delfina Cesarespada, AD 1963

Florence: domus transformed into cathedral of S. Reparata, c. 500-525 (Krautheimer text p. 480)

Florence: baptistery of S. Giovanni, 6th c., 11th c., 12th c.

Florence: S. Reparata partially rebuilt in Carolingian era, c. 860

Florence: S. Reparata in its Romanesque rebuilding, c. 1000

Florence: cathedral of S. Maria del Fiore over S. Reparata, 1296--1436

The Greco-Roman tradition of ritual architecture:

Athens:� Parthenon, 442-437 BC

Parthenon: panathenaic procession

Parthenon as converted into church: plans, sects.

Syracuse, Italy: Cathedral carved out of Greek temple

Epidaurus: Aesclepius shrine

Priene, Turkey: Bouleterion, ca. 200 BC

Pergamum, Turkey: altar of Zeus, 197-159 BC

Palestrina (Praeneste): Temple of Fortune ca. 80 BC

Pompeii: Basilica, ca. 120 BC.

N�mes, France: Temple of Jupiter (Maison Car�e), late first century BC

Rome: Forum of Trajan, with Basilica Ulpia, ca. 100-112

Special architectural language of Late Antiquity:

Rome: Domus Aurea (Golden House of Nero), 64-68 AD

Rome: Colosseum ca. 72-80 AD

Rome: Domus Augustana (Flavian Palace) on the Palatine, ca. 92

Rome:� Pantheon ca. 120

Tivoli:� Hadrian's Villa ca. 118-138

Rome:� Baths of Caracalla ca. 215

Leptis Magna, Libya: Severan Forum and Basilica, 216

Split: Palace of Diocletian ca. 300

Piazza Armerina, Sicily: Imperial Villa ca. 310

231: Rome: Minerva Medica, c. 310

Temple and synagogue: the Jews create a new type of worship site:

Jerusalem, Israel: Temple of King Solomon, 10th c. BC

Jerusalem: Second Temple (more accurately Third) of King Herod, 1st c. BC

Massada, Israel: synagogue, 1st(?) century BC

Pittsburgh: service at Poale Zedeck synagogue, 20th c. AD

Dura Europos, Syria: synagogue, rebuilt mid-3rd century AD

Kefar Nahum, Israel:� Synagogue, fourth century

Sardis, Turkey: synagogue, 3rd/4th c.

Ostia (outside Rome): synagogue in 2 periods

Eshtemoa, Israel: broadhouse synagogue

The Roman house; possibilities for transformation into the house-church:

Pompeii: House of the Vetii, before 79 AD

Rome: Domus Aurea (Golden House of Nero), 64-68 AD

Rome: Domus Augustana (Flavian Palace) on the Palatine, ca. 92

Split:� Palace of Diocletian ca. 300

Piazza Armerina, Sicily:� Imperial Villa ca. 310

Roman house types in Ostia, Rome etc.

027: Dura-Europos, Syria: house-church, early 3rd c.;

Lullingstone, Kent, England:� Villa with house church, 3-4th c.

Earliest Christian cult centers, pre-legalization:

Rome:� Mithraeum below church of San Clemente, third century

Rome: Underground cult basilica at the Porta Maggiore, 3rd (?) c.

027: Dura-Europos, Syria: house-church, early 3rd c.;

031 Rome: catacombs 3-4th c.

033 Rome: shrine of St. Peter, 2nd c.

034t Rome: Catacomb of S. Callisto, "Chapel of the Popes," 3rd c.

035b Rome: S. Sebastiano triclia c. 258

036 Rome: S. Crisogono early 4th c.

053b Rome: S. Sebastiano c. 313 model

Earliest churches after the legalization of Christianity:

45 (text, no image): Tyre (Sur), Lebanon: cathedral of c. 315 in Eusebius's description of popylaeum, atrium with colonnaded porticoes, nave and aisles, chancel

044t Aquileia: twin cathedral 4th/5th c.

044b Orl�ansville (El-Asnam), Algeria: double-apsed basilica of Bishop Reparatus, 324 and 5th c.

049 Trier, Germany: twin cathedral begun after 326

BUILDINGS FOR THE EMPEROR CONSTANTINE

Some dates

306 Constantine acclaimed co-emperor

311 One of four signatories to Galerius's edict of toleration

312 Defeats Maxentius; becomes sole power in west.

313 Edict of toleration issued (or re-issued) from Milan; Licinius continues sporadic persecutions in east

324 Defeats Licinius: now sole power east also; begins Constantinople.

325 Convokes Council of Nicaea

326 Executes son Crispus: major building Constantinople & Holy Land

330 Dedicates Constantinople

337 Dies in Nicomedia; buried in Constantinople

Public, secular architecture:

Trier: Imperial Basilica (audience hall) ca. 300-310� (assumed patronage)

Rome:� Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine 307-312

Rome:� Arch of Constantine, 312-317

Rome:� Baths of Constantine

Constantinople: The Augusteon (senate house)

Christian buildings:

Rome:� Lateran Basilica, begun ca. 313 [Liber pontificalis] (=LP)

Rome:� Lateran Baptistery

324:� C.offers Eusebius & other bishops imperial funds for churches

Rome: St. Peter's, begun possibly 319-22 or 326

Rome: Probably began earliest St. Paul's on via Ostiense

Trier: Double Cathedral, begun after 326� (attributed to C. in old sources)

Jerusalem: Holy Sepulchre complex: order from Const. in 326 (or before?)

Bethlehem: Church of the Nativity, complete by 333 (Bordeaux pilgrim) [Helena]

Jerusalem: Eleona church, Mt. of Olives, complete by 333 [Helena]

Mam[b]re:� Abraham complex, order from C. in 332

Cirta-Constantine (N. Africa): C. gives church twice, ca. 320 and 330.

Nicomedia: "Victory" basilica for defeat of Licinius, 326

Heliopolis: Church replaced pagan shrine (Eusebius, Life Constantine 3:58]

Antioch:� Golden Octagon, 327-341 [Eusebius]

Constantinople:� Church of the Holy Apostles, 330s.

Constantinople:� H. Eirene, after 326

Constantinople:� H. Sofia, after 326

Possible but less secure documentation:

Rome: S. Agnese cemeterial basilica [S. Costanza added later (as baptistery?)]

Rome: SS Marcellino & Pietro/mausoleum for Helena [in L.P.]

Rome: S. Lorenzo on via Tiburtina [L.P., ca. 326]

Rome: S. Sebastiano (Apostles church) prob. post-Constantine [L.P. says by C]

Rome: S. Croce in Gerusalemme [L.P. specifies Constantine: may be later]

Constantine as builder:

Trier:� Imperial Basilica (audience hall) ca. 300

Rome: Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine, c. 307-312

046t Rome: Lateran, 313ff, isometric reconstruction

047� Rome: Lateran, 313ff, 17th c. reconstruction view

090 Rome: Lateran baptistery c. 315 and mid-5th c.: section

Nocera dei Pagani (Naples): baptistery

St. Peter's:

055t Rome: St. Peters, before 324: recon. view

055b Rome: St. Peters, before 324: recon. plan

057 Rome: St. Peters, before 324: atrium in 16th c. view

Post-Constantinian churches in Rome:

052 Rome: S. Lorenzo basilica c. 330

053t Rome: S. Agnese cemeterial basilica ambulatory c. 350

169 Rome: S. Clemente, c. 380: isometric reconstruction

170b Rome: SS Giovanni e Paolo: c. 410, exterior incorporated into late-medieval church today

Constantine's buildings in the Holy Land and the East:

059 Bethleham: Constantine's church of the Nativity by 333, isometric

061 Jerusalem: Holy Sepulcher basilica, c. 325--336: interior recon.

062 Jerusalem: Holy Sepulcher basilica, c. 335: plan

063 Jerusalem: Holy Sepulcher basilica as shown on 7th-c. bread mold

074 Jerusalem: Holy Sepulcher: rotunda viewed in 17th c.

Jerusalem, Holy Sepulchre: Arculf's diagram

Constantinople:� Constantine's Church of the Holy Apostles, 330s.

(Krautheimer text only p. 76)Antioch:� Golden Octagon, 327-341

Churches for the Imperial family and Court:

Antioch:� Golden Octagon, 327-341

066 Rome: S. Costanza c. 350: int

Rome: SS Marcellino & Pietro mausoleum for Helena (?)

Rome: Augustus's tomb, 1st c. AD

Rome: Hadrian's tomb, 2nd c. AD

Split: Diocletian's tomb, c. 300

Thessaloniki: H. Giorgios (mausoleum of ?)

071 Constantinople: 5th c. palaces near the hippodrome

Two related northern Christian capitals: Milan and Trier:

079t Milan: S. Lorenzo, late 4th c. (c.378?): plan

079b� Milan: S. Lorenzo, late 4th c.: ext. as existing today

080 Milan: S. Lorenzo, late 4th c.: int. as revised in 16th c.

082 Milan: Holy Apostles, begun 383; isometric reconstruction

084 Milan: S. Tecla cathedral w. baptistery: mid-4th c. plan

086t Trier, Germany: north basilica as in late 4th c: reconstruction isometric

086b Trier: St. Gereon as in late 4th c: reconstruction plan

Provincial church-building:

190t: African basilica as depicted at Tebarka: early 5th c.: modern reconstruction drawing

190b: African basilica as depicted at Tebarka: early 5th c.

New Magnificence in Rome: late 4th & 5th centuries:

087 Rome: S. Paolo fuori le Mura, 384; as in 19th c.: int.view

089 Rome: S. Maria Maggiore, c. 432--440; interior today

090 Rome: Lateran baptistery c. 315 and mid-5th c.: section

171: Rome: S. Sabina, c. 425; exterior today

172� Rome: S. Sabina, c. 425; interior today

173 Rome: S. Sabina, c. 425; interior: det. nave arcade

091t Rome: S. Stefano Rotondo, ext. reconstruction from mid-5th c.

091b Rome: S. Stefano, int. today, mid-5th c. or 468--483

Post-Constantinian churches in Greece and Asia Minor:

100 Thessaloniki (Salonica): Archeiropoietos church, late 5th c.: plan & section

101t Salonica: Archeiropoietos church, late 5th c.: interior today

124 Thessaloniki, St. Demetrios, late 5th c., plan & ext. recon.

125 Thessaloniki, St. Demetrios, late 5th c., exterior today

126 Thessaloniki, St. Demetrios, late 5th c., interior post-fire today

127 Thessaloniki, St. Demetrios, late 5th c., interior det. pre-fire

104 Constantinople: St. John Studios, mid 5th c: interior remains today

106 Ephesus, Turkey: St. John, plan from mid-5th c.

107t Ephesus: St. Mary church: 5th and 6th c.; view of remains today

107b Ephesus, Turkey: St. Mary church: 5th and 6th c.: reconstruction plan

Abu Mina, Egypt:� St. Menas, c. 490 (K 64)

Deir-el-Abiad, Egypt: White Monastery c. 440

113 Hermopolis (Ashmunein, Egypt: plan of early 5th-c cathedral

119 Epidauros, Greece: basilica plan, early 5th c.

Complex church plans in Syria and adjoining lands:

138 Seleucia-Pieria, Syria: martyrium (?) late 5th c.

144 Qalat Siman, Syria: baptistery, late 5th c., ext. view of remains

145 Qalat Siman, Syria: martyrium, late 5th c., plan

146/7 Qalat Siman, Syria: martyrium, late 5th c., remains today

148t� Qalat Siman, Syria: martyrium, ext. recon. view

148b� Qalat Siman, Syria: martyrium, late 5th c., int. of octagon today

150t Qalat Siman, Syria: martyrium, late 5th c., view of apses

150b Qalat Siman, Syria: martyrium, late 5th c., facade remains today

158 Gerasa, Jordan: church of the Prophets, Apostles, & Martyrs, 465; plan

160 Gerasa: conjoined cathedral & St. Theodore, early & late 5th c. respectively, isometric reconstruction

161 Hierapolis, Turkey: martyrium of St. Philip (?): early 5th c., plan

Martyria and Baptistery as Christian types:

Constantinople: min. representing Holy Apostles church

Nocera baptistery

Ravenna baptistery

Milan: baptistery of Sta. Tecla

Aquileia baptistery

Syria: Qalat Seman

Bosra: great octagon

Carthage: St. Cyprian martyrium

Early Christian Ravenna before Justinian:

178 Ravenna: baptistery of the orthodox, 5th c., interior today

182t Ravenna: S. Croce with mausoleum of Galla Placidia, c. 425; isometric reconstruction

182b Ravenna: mausoleum of Galla Placidia, c. 425; exterior today

183 Ravenna: mausoleum of Galla Placidia, c. 425; interior

184 Ravenna: S. Giovanni Evangelista c. 425, apse exterior (reconstructed)

185 Ravenna: S. Giovanni Evangelista c. 425, interior as reconstructed

186 Ravenna: S. Apollinare Nuovo, c. 490, interior (but proportions changed)

Hagia Sofia:

207 Constantinople: Justinian's H. Sofia, 532--537, plan

208t Constantinople: Justinian's H. Sofia, 532--537, isometric recon.

209 Constantinople: Justinian's H. Sofia, 532--537, int. today

213� Constantinople: Justinian's H. Sofia, 532--537, det. gallery

215� Constantinople: Justinian's H. Sofia, 532--537, det. columns & capitals

Other monuments in or directed from Justinian's Constantinople:

223t Constantinople: H. Sergios & Bakchos, before 536; plans at floor & gallery level

223b Constantinople: H. Sergios & Bakchos, before 536; exterior

224� Constantinople: H. Sergios & Bakchos, before 536; interior

227t Constantinople: H. Sergios & Bakchos, before 536; frieze & capitals

227b Constantinople: H. Sergios & Bakchos, before 536; composite capital

241 Constantinople: Holy Apostles, c. 536 as depicted 12th c.

243t Ephesus, Turkey: St. John's church as rebuilt 565: plan

243b� Ephesus: St. John's church as rebuilt 565: partial modern reconstruction

244t Ephesus: St. John's church as rebuilt 565: interior recon. view

244b Ephesus: St. John's church as rebuilt 565: exterior recon. view

250 Constantinople: H. Irene, c. 532: ext. today

251� Constantinople: H. Irene, c. 532: interior today

266 Bethleham: Justinian's church of the Nativity, 560ff., plan

Justinianic Ravenna:

233: Ravenna, S. Vitale, 546, interior to apse

235: Ravenna, S. Vitale, 546, view into chancel vault

237: Ravenna, S. Vitale, 546, view into chancel vault

(not in Krautheimer): Ravenna, S. Vitale, 546, plan today

277: Ravenna: S. Apollinare in Classe, c. 549: interior

278: Ravenna: S. Apollinare in Classe, c. 549: exterior view (atrium removed)

(not in Krautheimer) Ravenna: S. Apollinare in Classe, c. 549: plan

279: Porec, Croatia: cathedral group, c. 550: ext. view

280 Porec, Croatia: cathedral group, c. 550: plan

281 Porec, Croatia: cathedral group, c. 550: interior detail

Architecture of the "Dark Ages":

270 Rome: S. Lorenzo, end 6th c., interior to east

272 Ravenna: Theodoric's mausoleum, c. 526; ext.

(not in Krautheimer): Ravenna, Theodoric's mausoleum, c. 526; plan)

Poitiers, France: St. Jean

Flavigny, France: crypt

Jouarre, France: crypt

Spain: palace chapel at Ovieda

Spoleto, Italy (near): Tempietto di Clitunno

Castelseprio, Italy: Longobard church

Udine (near) Tempietto Longobardo

Middle Byzantine monuments:

Constantinople:� Bodrum Camii (Myrelaion church) c. 920 (K p. 356, 357)

Aght'amar, Lake Van, Armenia:� Holy Cross, 915-21 (K p. 328, 329)

Hosios Lukas: 10th c. Theotolos (K p. 381)

Hosios Lukas: Katholikon, early 11th c. (K p. 338ff., 385ff).

Late Byzantine Survivals:

Constantinople:� Kalenderhane Camii (Church of St. Mary Kyriotissa?) 12th century (K p. 293)

430: Thessaloniki (Salonica): Holy Apostles church, early 14th c.:plan

431: Thessaloniki (Salonica): Holy Apostles church, early 14th c.:apse and east end ext. view today

432: Thessaloniki (Salonica): Holy Apostles church, early 14th c.:facade today

434: Ohrid, Macedonia: St. Sophia, 1313--17, facade today

436: Gracanica, Serbia: early 14th c. church: plan

437: Gracanica, Serbia: early 14th c. church: exterior south wall

438: Gracanica, Serbia: early 14th c. church: exterior: e. end and apses

Carolingian reflections of Byzantine style:

Lorsch, Germany: abbey and gatehouse (Torhalle), 767-774

Aachen: palace chapel, 790s, as revived S. Vitale Ravenna

Germiny-des-Pres, France: oratory, 806

Fulda, Germany: abbey church, 802-822

Rome: S. Prassede ca. 820

Ottonian reflections:

Essen: abbey church

Cologne: S. Pantaleon

Cologne: triapsidal churches

Hersfeld, abbey ch.

Hildesheim: Abbey of St. Michael, c. 1010

Islamic architecture:

Jerusalem: Dome of the Rock

Jerusalem: El Aqsa

Mecca, Saudi Arabia: holy precinct

Cairo: Great Mosque

Damascus: Great Mosque

Cordoba, Spain: Great Mosque

Constantinople: Blue Mosque

Romanesque as the last Byzantine trace in Europe:

Tournus, France: St. Philibert, ca. 1000

Speyer, Germany: Cathedral, begun 1030-1060

Pisa: Cathedral, begun c. 1060

Arezzo, Italy: cathedral modelled on S. Vitale, Ravenna, c. 1040

Cluny: third abbey church, begun 1088, dedicated 1130

408: Venice: S. Marco, begun 1063: as depicted 13th c.

409:� Venice: S. Marco, 11th/12th c.: int. today

Pisa: baptistery, 12th c. as replica of the Holy Sepulchre

RESERVE BOOKS

In keeping with the philosophy of the Frick Library librarians, and in accord with past experience, relatively few books will be placed on reserve in Frick Library.� These are:

--Syllabus for this course.

--George Armstrong: "Constantine's Churches:� Symbol and Structure," Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 33 (1974):5-16.

--Gregory Dix, The Shape of the Liturgy (London, 1947): pp. 15--35 and 142--143.

--Richard Krautheimer: Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, 4th ed. (Yale University Press: The Pelican History of Art; New Haven & London, 1986). Multiple copies if possible.

--Richard Krautheimer: "The Building Inscriptions and the Dates of Construction of Old St. Peter's: A Reconsideration," from the R�mische Jahrbuch, around 1995. An excellent example of a scholar considering all possible evidentiary sources to an old problem.

--Cyril Mango, The Art of the Byzantine Empire, 312-1453 (Sources and Documents in the History of Art; Englewood Cliffs NJ, 1972): pp. 4--15 and 24--25 from Eusebius, and Procopius's description of Justinian's Hagia Sofia church (Mango, pp. 72--79, with two other texts on the same building)

--Visser, Margaret: The Geometry of Love: Space, Time, Mystery, and Meaning in an ORdinary Church (NA5620.S158.V58). Traces the Early Christian church of S. Agnese in Rome through the centuries.

--White, L. Michael: The Social Origins of Christian architecture; 2 v, 1997. (NA4817.W56.1996).� Exhaustive investigation into the literary and archaeological sources for the origins of Early Christian architecture.

--The Christianization of the Late Roman World will be placed on reserve when published in an English edition.

BIBLIOGRAPHY ON EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE AND CITIES

The bibliography is divided into twelve segments:

1: General reference sources on art and architecture, all periods

2: Main sources on Late Antique, Jewish, Early Christian, and Byzantine art and architecture

3: Main sources on the Late Antique/Early Medieval historical context

4: Original documents and sources

5: Architectural tradition of Late Antiquity

6: Architectural setting of Judaism and the mystery cults

7: Social, political, and religious organization of Early Christianity

8: Building for the Early Church: general and western empire

9: Building for the Early Church: east

10: Formation and evolution of Byzantine style

11: Reflections of the Early Christian tradition in later Medieval architecture: Germanic-origin, Carolingian, Ottonian, and Romanesque

12: Urban Form and secular building; Late Antique and Medieval

-------------------

#01: General reference sources on art and architecture, all periods:

Alinari Photographic Archive: thousands of photographs of Florence, Rome and other Italian cities, on microfiche in Frick Library.

Art Bulletin and index to past volumes

Art Index (begins 1929, check by volumes and subject headings)

Avery Index to Architectural Periodicals

Avery Memorial Architectural Library Catalog (books) (CMU)

Encyclopedia of World Art, esp. vol. 9 (1964):cols. 60-161: Late Antique and Early Christian Art", includes F.W. Deichmann on architecture (cols. 149-154).

Graduate School of Design [of Harvard University], catalogue of books and periodicals.� (At CMU)

Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians [JSAH], and index

Marburger Photographic Archive: thousands of photographs of medieval art and architecture, mainly Germany: on microfiche in Frick Library.

Pittcat on-line catalogue: books received in the U. Pittsburgh Library system after 1981; use card catalogue for earlier books (which do not appear on Pittcat yet).

RILA: specialized directory of new art-history scholarship (books and articles).

#02: Main sources on Late Antique, Jewish, Early Christian, and Byzantine art and architecture:

The Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third to Seventh Century. Edited by Karl Weitzmann. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1971. A catalogue and commentary of major monuments.

Akten des VII International Kongresses f�r Christliche Arch�ologie (Trier, 1965).� Rome, 1969.� (Hereafter abbreviated as Trier Congress.)

Beckwith, John.� Early Christian and Byzantine Art. (The Pelican History of Art). Baltimore, 1980.

Brenck, B.� Sp�tantike und fr�hes Christentum.� Frankfurt, 1977.� A catalogue of the major monuments.

Dictionary of Classical Antiquities. Edited by Seyffert.

Dumbarton Oaks Bibliographies. Washington DC, 1973-). Issues pull together publications on specialized topics.

Encyclopedia of World Art

Grabar, Andr�. Early Christian Art. (Arts of Mankind) New York, 1968. Good general survey. [N6249.G72e].

Grant, Michael. A Guide to the Ancient World

Kautzsch, R. Kapitellenstudien: Studien zur Sp�tantiken Kunstgeschichte. Berlin, 1936. Detailed study of capital types, 4th-7th centuries.

Kitzinger, E.Formation of Medieval Art

Krautheimer, Richard.� Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, 4th ed. (The Pelican History of Art). Baltimore, 1986. Main textbook for this course.

Krautheimer, Richard. Studies in Early Christian, Medieval, and Renaissance Art. New York, 1969. (Hereafter abbreviated Krautheimer Studies.)

Krautheimer, Richard. "Introduction to an 'Iconography of Medieval Architecture'," Krautheimer Studies:115-150.

Macdonald, W.� Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture.� New York, 1962.

Milburn, R.� Early Christian Art and Architecture.� Berkeley CA, 1988. On reserve: good, readable survey.

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites

Turner, H.W. From Temple to Meeting House: The Phenomenology and Theology of Places of Worship. The Hague, 1979

Volbach, W.F. and M. Hirmer.� Early Christian Art.� London, 1961.� Catalogue of the major monuments [iN6249.V89].

#3: Main sources on the Late Antique/Early Medieval historical context:

Brown, Peter R. The Making of Late Antiquity. (Carl Newell Jackson lectures, 1976). Cambridge MA, 1978. Hillman DG312 B76

Cambridge Ancient History, 12. Cambridge, 1939.

Cambridge Medieval History, 1-2. Cambridge, 1911- .

Gibbon, Edward. Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Ca. 1776; new eds.

Jones, A.H.M.The Later Roman Empire: 284-602 AD. 3 vols. Oxford, 1964.

Mazzarino, S. The End of the Ancient World. Translated by G. Holmes. London, 1966.

van der Meer, F. and C. Mohrmann.� Atlas of the Early Christian World. London, 1958. A highly useful explanation and illustration of history and liturgy.

Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. The Barbarian West: The Early Middle Ages, 400-1000. �

#4: Original documents and sources:

The Book of the Popes. Translated by L.R. Loomis. (Records of Civilization, 3). New York, 1916. [Partial edition of the Liber Pontificalis.]

Constantine Porphyrogenitus.� The Book of Ceremonies [Book I translated by A. Vogt as Le livre des c�r�monies Paris, 1935].

Cyril (Saint) of Jerusalem.� St. Cyril of Jerusalem's lectures on the Christian Sacraments.

Davis-Weyer, Caecilia. Early Medieval Art, 300-1150. (Sources and Documents in the History of Art). Englewood Cliffs NJ, 1971.

Egeria:� Diary of a Pilgrimage. (The Itinerarium Egeriae.)� New York, 1970. Hillman BR60.A541.no. 38. [Firsthand account of the 4th century.]

Etheria, a Spanish nun. Tranlated by M.L. McClure and C.L. Feltoe. (Translations of Christian Literature, ser. 3: Liturgical Texts.)� London, 1919. [Vivid diary of a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.]

Eusebius. In Praise of Constantine:� A Historical Study and New Translation of the Eusebius Tricennial Orations. Edited by H.A. Drake (Univ. of California Publications in Classical Studies, 15). Berkeley, 1976.

Eusebius. Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History. Grand Rapids, 1979.

Eusebius. Life of Constantine.� (Patrologia Graeca, 20:905 ff.)

Fathers of the Church series. Washington DC: Catholic University of America. [About 100 vols of patristic writings:� Hillman BR60.F3a8253].

Gregory of Tours, The History of the Franks. Edited/translated by O.M. Dalton. Oxford, 1927.

Hefele, C.J.� History of the Councils of the Church from the Original Documents.� London, 1871-96.

Hunt, E.D. Holy Land pilgrimage in the later Roman Empire, AD 312-460. Oxford, 1982. Hillman BR205.H84.1982

Itinerarium Antonini Placentini. Edited by C. Milani. Milan, 1977. Hillman DS105.M54. [Holy Land as seen in 560-570.]

Le Liber pontificalis. Edited by L. Duchesne. 3 vols. Paris, 1886-92 (repr. 1955), 1957.

Mango, C.� The Art of the Byzantine Empire, 312-1453.� (Sources and Documents in the History of Art). Englewood Cliffs NJ, 1972. [Contains Procopius's and Paul the Silentiary's descriptions of Hagia Sofia in 6th c.].

Mansi, J.D. Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio. Florence and Venice, 1759-98. Repr. 1901. Standard record of church councils.

Paul the Silentiary's description of Hagia Sofia: see "Byzantine Architecture."

Procopius. Histories, Gothic Wars, The Buildings. Edited by H.B. Dewing (Loeb Classical Library). 7 vols. Cambridge MA, 1914-40.

Roman State and Christian Church:� A Collection of Legal Documents to A.D. 535. Edited by P.R. Coleman-Norton. 3 vols. London, 1966. Excellent for style and contents.

Tertullian: Apology and De Spectaculis (Loeb Classical Library, 250). Cambridge MA, 1931. With the Octavio of Minucius Felix, a 2d-century defence of Christianity against Pagans and Jews.

Theoderich of W�rzburg. Guide to the Holy Land. (Libellus de locis sanctis). New York, 1986. Frick DS105.T4713.1986. [Twelfth century].

#05: Architectural tradition of Late Antiquity:

Conant, Kenneth. "The After-life of Vitruvius in the Middle Ages," JSAH 27 (1968):33-38.

"Late-Antique and Early Christian Art," Encyclopedia of World Art 9:cols. 60-161. New York, 1964. Contains "Architecture" by F.W. Deichmann, cols. 68-99, and bibliography on architecture cols. 149-154 (full biblio. cols. 147-161).

Monneret de Villard, U., "The Temple of the Imperial Cult at Luxor," Archaeologia 95 (1953):85-105.

Niemann, G.� Der Palast Diokletians in Spalato.� Vienna, 1910.

L'Orange, H. Art Forms and Civic Life in the Late Roman Empire. 1965.

Rivoira, G.F.� Roman Architecture and Its Principles of Construction Under the Empire.� Oxford, 1925.

Ward Perkins, John B. Roman Imperial Architecture. (Pelican History of Art). Baltimore, 1982.

Ward Perkins, John. "The Italian Elements in Late Roman and Early Medieval Architecture," Proceedings of the British Academy 33 (1947):163-183.

#06: Architectural setting of Judaism and the mystery cults:

Alf�ldi, A.� A Festival of Isis in Rome under the Christian Emperors of the fourth Century.� Budapest, 1937.

Finegan, J.� Light From the Ancient Past:� The Archeological Background of Judaism and Christianity.� Princeton, 1959.

Kraeling, C.H.� Excavations at Dura-Europos:� The Synagogue (Final Report 8).� New Haven, 1956.

Levine: Ancient Synagogues Revealed

Meeks, Wayne and Robert Wilken. Jews and Christians in Antioch in the first four centuries of the common era. Missoula MT, 1978. Hillman.

Sylvester Saller: Revised Catalog of Synagogues of the Holy Land

Sch�rer, Emil. The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ.� (1897). Rev. ed., 3 vols. in 4. Edinburgh, 1973-87. Hillman DS122.S422.1973. Includes extensive investigation of use of synagogues.

Sukenik, E.L.� The Ancient Synagogue of Beth Alpha.� Jerusalem, 1932.

Toutain, . Les cultes pa�nes dans l'Empire Romain. 3 vols. Rome, 1966.

#7: Social, political, and religious organization of Early Christianity:

Alf�ldi, A. The Conversion of Constantine and Pagan Rome.� Oxford, 1948.

Alf�ldi, A.� A Conflict of Ideas in the Late Fourth Century. Oxford, 1952.

Atlas of the Christian Church. Edited by H. Chadwick and G.R. Evans. New York, 1987. [Good maps, summaries of major developments.]

Barnes, T. D.� Constantine and Eusebius, Cambridge MA, 1981.

Baynes, N. H. Constantine the Great and the Christian Church. (Raleigh Lecture on History, 1930) New York, 1975.

Brawley, James H.� The Early History of the Liturgy.� Cambridge, 1947.

Brown, Peter. The Cult of the Saints. Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity. (Haskell Lectures on History of Religions, n.s. 2). Chicago, 1981. Hillman BX2333 B74

Brown, Peter. The body and society: men, women, and sexual renunciation in early Christianity. New York, 1988. Hillman: not yet catalogued.

Brown, Peter. Society and the holy in late antiquity. Berkeley CA, 1982.

Burckhardt, J.� The Age of Constantine the Great. Berkeley, 1983.

The Catholic Dictionary. New York, 1958.

The Catholic Encyclopedia. [Articles under "altar", "mass", etc.].

The Crucible of Christianity: Judaism, Hellenism, and the Historical Background to the Christian Faith. Edited by Arnold Toynbee. New York and London, 1969. Excellent essays on religious and social life in Late Antiquity, and its art and architectural forms.

Daniel-Rops, H. This is the Mass. Garden City NY, 1959.

Dictionnaire d'arch�ologie chr�tienne et de liturgie.� Edited by F. Cabrol and H. Leclercq.� Paris, 1907-53.

Dix, G.� The Shape of the Liturgy.� London, 1947.

Dvornik, F.� Early Christian and Byzantine Political Philosophy.� Washington DC, 1966.

Duchesne, L.� Christian Worship: Its Origin and Evolution. Rev. ed., London, 1956.

Fortescue, A. and O'Connell, . The Ceremonies of the Roman Rite Described. [Detailed description of the Mass].

Fortescue, A. The Mass, A Study of the Roman Liturgy. New York 1937.

Fox, Robin L. Pagans and Christians. 1987. [Very complete, lively.]

Fredriksen, Paula. From Jesus to Christ. New Haven CT, 1988. [The spread of Christianity linked to the makeup of the Late Antique city. Hillman BT198.F82.1988]

Gough, M.� The Early Christian.� New York, 1961.

Haynes, N.H.� Constantine the Great and the Christian Church (Proceedings of the British Academy, 15).� London, 1929.

Herrin, Judith. The Formation of Christendom. Princeton: 1986?. Excellent bibliography on Late Antiquity beyond the period of Peter Brown.

Hopkins, Clark.� The Discovery of Dura-Europos. New Haven, 1986. Hillman: DS99.D8H66]

Jones, A.H.M. Constantine and the Conversion of Europe.

Jungmann, Joseph.� The Mass of the Roman Rite: Its Origins and Development. 2 vols. 1951. Westminster MD, 1986. [Christian Classica, P.O. Box 30, 21157.]

Klauser, T. A Short History of the Western Liturgy. London, 1969. [Very logical, clear explanation of the growth of ritual.]

MacMullen, Ramsay. Christianizing the Roman Empire: A.D. 100-400. Hillman.

Meeks, Wayne A.� Jews and Christians in Antioch in the First Four Centuries of the Common Era.� Missoula, Montana, 1978.

Momigliano, A.� The Conflict Between Paganism and Christianity in the Fourth Century.� Oxford, 1963.

The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 1974. [Reference room; most easily accessible source on church terminology].

The Oxford Dictionary of the Popes.

Oxford Dictionary of the Saints.

Snyder, Graydon F.� Ante Pacem: Acheological Evidence of Church Life before Constantine. Macon GA. Hillman.

Wilken, Robert.� The Christians as the Romans Saw Them. Hillman.

#8: Building for the Early Church: general and western empire:

Alexander, S.S. "Studies in Constantinian Church Architecture: I," Rivista di Archeologia Cristiana 47/pt. 3-4 (1971):281-330; and idem., "II: Topographical Aspects of Constantinian Church Architecture," RAC, 49/pt. 1-4 (1973):33-44.� A catalogue, analysis of placement within cities and the function of their parts.� �

Armstrong, George. "Constantine's Churches," Gesta 6 (1967): 1-9. [Contains a� catalogue of major buildings, with sources.]

Armstrong, George. "Constantine's Churches:� Symbol and Structure," Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 33 (1974):5-16.

Bannister, Turpin. "The Constantinian Basilica of Saint Peter at Rome," JSAH 27 (1968):3-32.

Bovini, G., "Recenti scoperte di edifici paleocristiani di culto nel territorio di Classe,"� Trier Congress:391-400.

Brown, G.B. From Schola to Cathedral. Edinburgh, 1886. [Sees origin of church style in the schola, or Roman guild-house.]

Carpiceci, Alberto. "La Basilica Vaticana cita da Martin van Heemskerk," Bollettino d'Arte 44-45 (July-Oct 1987):67-128. [Interprets 16th-c. drawings of St. Peter's for new reconstruction of old & new buildings.]

Curcic, S.� Art and Architecture in the Balkans: An Annotated Bibliography.� Boston, 1984.

Davies, J.� The Origin and Development of Early Christian Church Architecture.� London, 1952.

Dyggve, E.� History of Salonitan Christianity.� Oslo, 1951. [A complete study of the buildings of an early community in Yugoslavia.]

Ferrari, G. Early Roman Monasteries. Vatican City, 1957.

Grabar, A.� Martyrium. 3 vols. Paris, 1943-46. [Review by R. Krautheimer in Art Bulletin 35 (1953):57-61; see also Ward Perkins, below].

Kinney, Dale. "Evidence for the Dating of S. Lorenzo, Milan," JSAH 31 (1972).

Krautheimer, R., and others.� Corpus Basilicarum Christianarum Romae. 5 vols. Vatican City, 1939-77. Catalogue (in English) of all the major Early Christian churches in Rome. Vol. 5 contains St. Peter's, the Lateran, and St. Paul's outside the Walls.

Krautheimer, R., "Constantine's Church Foundations,"� Trier Congress:237-256

Krautheimer, R. "Success and Failure in Late Antique Church Planning," Age of Sprituality. A Symposium:121-139. New York, 1980.

Krautheimer, R. "The Beginning of Early Christian Architecture," Krautheimer Studies:1-20.

Krautheimer, R. "The Constantinian Basilica of the Lateran," Krautheimer Studies:21-26.

Lassus, Jean. "Les �difices du culte autour de la basilique," Atti del VI Congresso Internazionale di Archeologia Cristiana (Ravenna 1962):581-610. Vatican City, 1965.

Lewis, Suzanne. "The Latin Iconography of the Single-Naved Cruciform Basilica Apostolorum in Milan," Art Bulletin 51 (1969):205- .

M�le, Emil.� The Early Churches of Rome.� Tr. by David Burton.� Chicago, 1960.

Matthews, Thomas. "Liturgical Expressions of the Constantinian Triumph," Dumbarton Oaks Papers 21 (1967):59-78.

Matthews, T. "An Early Roman Liturgical Arrangement," Rivista di Archeologia Cristiana 38 (1962):73-� .

Stapleford, R. "A Reconstruction of the Fifth Century Lateran Baptistery." Unpublished M.A. thesis, New York University, 1964.

Stern, Henri. ["S. Costanza, Rome"], Cahiers arch�ologiques (1958):159ff.

Stevenson, J.� The Catacombs.� London, 1978.

Terry, Ann Raybin. The Architecture and Architectural Sculpture of the Sixth-Century Eufrasius Cathedral Complex at Porec. Ann Arbor, 1985.

Toker, Franklin. "Excavations below the Cathedral of Florence, 1965-1974," Gesta 14 pt. 2 (1975):17-36.

Toynbee, Jocelyn and John Ward Perkins. The Shrine of St. Peter and the Vatican Excavations. London, 1956.

Ward Perkins, John. "Memoria, Martyr's Tomb and Martyr's Church," Trier Congress:3-28.

Ward Perkins, John. "Constantine and the Origins of the Christian Basilica," Papers of the British School at Rome 22 (1954):69-90.

#9: Building for the Early Church: east

Albright, W. F. Archaeology of Palestine. 1960.

Archaeological Discoveries in the Holy Land. Edited by J.B. Pritchard. 1967.

Butler, H. Early Churches in Syria. Princeton, 1929.

The Churches of Cappadocia: iN6249.G38.

Conant, Kennth and Downey Glanville. "The Original Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem." Speculum 31 (1956):1-48.

Corbo, V. Il Santo Sepolcro a Gerusalemme. 3 vols. Jerusalem, 1981-82.

Co�asnon, Charles. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. London, 1974.

Crowfoot, J. "The Christian Churches," in Gerasa, City of the Decapolis, edited by C.H. Kraeling. New Haven, 1938.

Crowfoot, J.W.� Early Churches in Palestine.� London, 1941.

Deichmann, F. W. Studien zur Architektur Konstantinopels. Baden-Baden, 1956.

Hiram, A.S. "Synagogenkirchen der Ecclesia ex circumcisione im Heiligen Lande," Trier Congress:551-558.

Kenyon, K.� Archaeology in the Holy Land. 1965.

Kraeling, C. H.� Excavations at Dura-Europos: The Christian Building (Final Report 8, pt. 2). New Haven, 1967.

Krautheimer, R. "On Constantine's Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople," Krautheimer Studies:27-34.

Lassus, J. Sanctuaires chr�tiens de Syrie. Paris, 1947. [Elaborate investigation of church complexes by liturgical function; summarized and somewhat revised in his entry in the Dictionnaire d'arch�ologie chr�tienne, col. 1855ff on "Syrie."]

Mathews, Thomas.� The Early Churches of Constantinople.� University Park and London, 1971.

#10: Formation and evolution of Byzantine style:

[NOTE: SEE ALSO ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS SECTION]

Baynes, N.H. and H. Moss. Byzantium.� Oxford, 1948.

Beckwith, J.� The Art of Constantinople.� New York, 1961.

Dalton, O.M.� Byzantine Art and Archaeology.� Oxford, 1911.

Diehl, C.� Manuel d'art byzantin.� 2nd ed. Paris, 1925.

Ebersolt, J. and A. Thiers. Les �glises de Constantinople.� Paris, 1913.

Grabar, Andr�. Byzantium from the Death of Theodosius to the Rise of Islam. 1966.

Grabar, Andr�.� L'empereur dans l'art Byzantin. Paris, 1936.

Janin, R.� La g�ographie ecclesiastique de l'Empire Byzantin, premi�re partie: Le siege de Constantinople et le patriarcat oecumenique, 3: Les �glises et les monast�res.� Paris, 1953.

Janin, R. Constantinople Byzantine. D�veloppement Urbain et R�pertoire Topographique. Paris, 1964.

Kaehler, H.� Hagia Sophia.� New York, 1967.

Kitzinger, E.� Byzantine Art in the Making.� London, 1977.

Krautheimer, Richard. "A Note on Justinian's Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople," Krautheimer Studies:197-202.

Lethaby, W.R. and H. Swainson. The Church of Sancta Sophia. London, 1894. (Contains Paul the Silentiary's eyewitness description).

Mango, C.� Byzantine Architecture.� New York, 1976.

Mango, C.� Byzantium.� London, 1980.

Mathews, Th.F.� The Byzantine Churches of Istanbul:� A Photographic Survey.� University Park and London, 1975.

Swift, E.H. Hagia Sophia. New York, 1940.

Ure, P.N.� Justinian and His Age.� Harmondsworth, 1951.

Von Simson, Otto. Sacred Fortress:� Byzantine Art and Statecraft in Ravenna.� Chicago, 1948.

Wharton, Annabel. [Byzantine Architecture in the Provinces]. University Park PA, 1987.

Xydis, S.G. "The Chancel Barrier, Solea, and Ambo of Hagia Sophia," Art Bulletin 29 (1947):8-� .

#11: Reflections of the Early Christian tradition in later Medieval architecture: Germanic-origin, Carolingian, Ottonian, and Romanesque:

Barral I Altet, Xavier (ed.) Le Paysage monumental de la France autour de l'an Mil. Paris, 1987. (Review in Jsah Sept 1988)

Beckwith, John. Early Medieval Art. London, 1964.

Bullough, Donald. Italy and her Invaders. Nottingham, 1968

Conant, Kenneth. Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture. (Pelican History of Art). Baltimore, 1979.

�

Demus, Otto. The Church of San Marco. Washington, 1960 ff.

Duby, Georges. The Age of the Cathedrals: Art and Society 980-1420.

Duby, Georges. Making of the Christian West, 980-1140.� iN5970.D82.

Durandus, William.� The Symbolism of Churches and Church Ornament:� Rationale Divinorum Officiorum.� Leeds, 1843. [Thirteenth-century typological interpretation of the church and its ritual.]

Durliat, M. Des barbares � l'An Mil. 1985.

Fichtenau, Heinrich. The Carolingian Empire.

Francovich, Geza de. Palatium di Teodorico a Ravenna e la considetta "architettura di Potenza". �

Grodecki, Louis. L'Architecture Ottonienne.

Haseloff, G�nther. "I principi mediterranei dell'arte barbarica," Il passaggio dall'antichit� al medioevo in Occidente. (Settimane di studio del Centro Italiano di Studi sull'Alto Medioevo, 9):477-496. Spoleto, 1962.

Hodgkin, Thomas. Italy and her Invaders. 6 vols. [Bradford campusDG503.H69].

Hubert, J. and J. Porcher. Europe of the Invasions. 1969.

Krautheimer, Richard. "The Carolingian Revival of Early Christian Architecture,"� Krautheimer Studies:203-256.��

Kubach, H. E. Romanesque Architecture. New York, ca. 1975.

Llewellyn, Peter.� Rome in the Dark Ages, New York, 1970.

Magister Barbaritas. I Barbari in Italia. ca. 1985.

Magni, Mariaclothilde. "Cryptes du haut Moyen Age en Italie: problemes de typologie du IXe jusqu'au debut du XIe si�cle," Cahiers arch�ologiques 28 (1979):41-85.

Nees, Lawrence P. From Justinian to Charlemagne, European Art, 567-787: An Annotated Bibliography. Boston, 1985.

Saalman, Howard. Medieval Architecture. New York, 1962

Settimane di studio del Centro Italiano di Studi sull'Alto Medioevo. Spoleto, 1953-� . [Invaluable series for studies from the 4th to about the 11th century.]

Verzone, Paolo. From Theodoric to Charlemagne. London, 1968.

Verzone, Paolo. L'architettura religiosa dell'alto medio evo nell'Italia settentrionale. Milan, 1942. [Copy at CMU library?].

Volbach, W. and J. Hubert. Carolingian Renaissance. N6245.H87e.

Ward-Perkins, Bryan. Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages:� The Problem of Building in North Central Italy, 300-850.� Oxford, 1984. [Extensive bibliography on all major cities of the period.]

#12: Urban Form and secular building--Late Antique and Medieval:

Braunfels, Wolfgang. Urban Design in Western Europe: Regime and Architecture, 900-1900. Chicago, 1988.

Bullough, Donald. "Urban change in early medieval Italy--the example of Pavia," Papers of the British School at Rome 34 (1966). [Excellent example of topographical analysis in Late Antiquity/Early Middle Ages.]

Le Citt� di Fondazione. (Atti del 2 Convegno Internazionale di Storia urbanistica, Lucca, 1977.) Venice: Centro Internazionale per lo studio delle cerchia urbane), 1978.

La citt� nell'alto Medioevo (Settimane di Studio del Centro Italiano di Studi sull'Alto Medioevo, 6).� Spoleto, 1959.

Cosmas Indicopleustes.. La topographie chr�tienne de Cosmas Indicopleustes. Edited by Wanda Wolska-Conus. Paris, 1962. [Sixth-century theological work that appears to allegorize the city.]

Ennen, Edith.� The Medieval Town. Amsterdam, 1979. [Bibliography of nearly 1,000 entries.]

Deichmann, W. Ravenna, Hauptstadt des spatantiken Abendlandes. 4 vols. Wiesbaden, 1958-1976.

Downey, G.� Constantinople in the Age of Justinian. 1960.

Fasoli, G. and F. Bocchi. La Citt� Medievale Italiana. Florence, 1973.

Gilles, Pierre, The Antiquities of Constantinople. New York, ca. 1980. Sixteenth-century guide.

Gutkind, E.A.� International History of City Development

Hubert, Jean. "Evolution de la topographie et de l'aspect des villes de la Gaule du IVe au Xe si�cle," in La citt� nell'alto Medioevo (Settimane di Studio del Centro Italiano di Studi sull'Alto Medioevo, 6):529-558.� Spoleto, 1959.

Jones, A.H.M.� The Greek City from Alexander to Justinian.� Oxford, 1937.

Krautheimer, R. Three Christian Capitals: Topography and Politics. Berkeley, 1983.

Krautheimer, R. Rome: Profile of a City, 312-1308. Princeton, 1980.

Lavedan, Pierre and J. Hugueney. Histoire de l'Urbanisme dans l'Antiquit�. Paris, 1966.

Lavedan, P. and J. Huguenay, L'urbanisme au moyen-age.

Llewellyn, Peter. Rome in the Dark Ages. New York, 1970.

Mansueli, Guido A. Urbanistica e architettura della cisalpina romana fino al terzo secolo e.n.. (Revue d'�tudes latines.) Brussels, 1971. [Northern Italy].

The Marvels of Rome. (Mirabilia Urbis Romae.) New York, ca. 1980. [A medieval guide, with legends of the Early Christian sites.]

Mengozzi, Guido. La citt� italiana nell'alto Medio Evo. Florence, 1973.

Milano, Una Capitale da Ambrogio ai Carolingi. Edited by Carlo Bertelli. Milan, 1987.

Morris, A.E.J. History of Urban Form before the Industrial Revolution. London, 1979.

Muir, E. Civic Ritual in Renaissance Venice. Princeton, ca. 1980.

Pietri, Charles. Roma Christiana (Biblioth�que de l'Ecole fran�aise d'Athen�s et de Rome 224.2). Rome, 1976.

Pirenne, Henri. Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade. Princeton, 1952.

Platner, S.B. and T. Ashby. A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. London, 1929. [Excellent background for the Christian monuments.]

Sambaugh, Roger. [The Ancient Roman City]. Baltimore, ca. 1986.

Scavi a Ostia. Multi-volume set iN5790.O8852 devoted to houses, public buildings and commercial buildings (e.g. vol. 8 on folloniche, or dyer shops) of a Late-Antique town.

Sherrard, P. Constantinople: Iconography of a Sacred City. 1965.

Stilwell, R. "Houses at Antioch," Dumbarton Oaks Papers 14 (1961).

Storia di Milano I, ed. A. Calderini et al. Milan, 1953.

Theoderich. Guide to the Holy Land. New York, ca. 1980. Twelfth-century guide.

Toker, F., "Early Medieval Florence:� Between History and Archaeology" in Medieval Archaeology (Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies, 60):261-283. Binghamton, 1989.

Topografia urbana e vita cittadina nell'alto medioevo in occidente (Settimane di Studio del Centro Italiano di Studi sull'Alto Medioevo, 21). 2 vols.� Spoleto, 1974.

Trexler, Richard. Public Life in Renaissance Florence. New York, 1980.

Von Simson, Otto. Sacred Fortress:� Byzantine Art and Statecraft in Ravenna.� Chicago, 1948.

Ward-Perkins, Bryan. "La citt� altomedievale," Archeologia medievale 10 (1983):111-124.

Wightman, E.M., Roman Trier and the Treveri.� London, 1970.

McCormick, Michael.� Eternal Victory:� Triumphal Rulership in late antiquity, Byzantium, and the early medieval West.� Cambridge, 1986.� Hillman DG89.M25.1986

Mary Sharp, A Guide to the Churches of Rome, New York, 1966. �

Khatchatrian, Armen.� Origine et Typologie des Baptisteres Paleochretiens.� Mulhouse: Centre de Culture Chretienne, 1982.

THE TERM PAPER

As an upper-level course, HA&A 1220 has as one of its requirements a term paper embodying original research. These papers should be chosen by course members themselves and worked out so that the writing process itself becomes an enriching experience. From the point of view of the instructor, a "good" paper is one that contains new information or in some way creates a new perspective on Early Christian/Byzantine architecture. To aid students in selecting topics quickly and in moving efficiently into research, the standard term paper assignment is divided in this course into two parts: a short bibliography assignment, and the later term paper.

The schedule for the two assignments follows:

By 2 October: Students select and instructor confirms term paper topics.

On 16 October: Students pass in two-page bibliography assignment (see below).

The bibliography assignments will be passed back, corrected, as soon as possible. Students then sign up to meet with instructor to discuss paper during the next two weeks.

Term papers are due 13 November.� Early papers (by 11 November) get bonus grade; late papers a minus. No paper will be accepted after 25 November.

The bibliography assignment requires two double-spaced typed pages, plus a copy: neither more nor less. The first page will be the most relevant bibliography on the chosen topic, from books and articles; the second page will be a 250-word discussion of the problem, as though an encyclopedia entry (not a "I-hope-to-show" prospectus). For a building or region it would be a chronology plus identification of significance; if it is a theme, it would be a statement of known facts and main interpretations. Final paper will be a double-spaced, typed paper of 10 to 20 pages, with a copy handed in at the same time, plus illustrations, footnotes (see Sylvan Barnet, A Short Guide to Writing about Art) and bibliography. It should be entitled with a title that presents a point of view and, indeed, the paper itself must embody a point of view as any original piece of scholarship would. A number of suggested topics follow: students are most warmly invited to create their own topics in preference to these or modifying those below.

SUGGESTED TERM PAPER TOPICS

1.� Pilgrims to the Holy Land: who, why, what did they bring back?

2.� Pilgrims to Rome: who, why, what did they bring back?

3.� Liturgical arrangements as architectural parameters in church building.

4.� Cult and liturgical setting of Mithras-worship.

5.� The Synagogue and its influence on church architecture.

6.� The house as church: state of the question.

7.� Copies in medieval architecture.

8.� Catacombs and cemeteries: their impact on church architecture.

9.� The cult of relics and its influence on church architecture.

10. Literal transformation of pagan/secular buildings into churches.

11. Constantinople as a sacred city.

12. Rome as a sacred city.

13. Jerusalem as a sacred city.

14. Islamic sacred architecture as a reflection/reaction to Christianity.

15. Iconography of Holy Apostle churches, 315-1200.

16. Iconography of the palace chapel.

17. The pre-Christian shrine.

18. Elements of pagan architecture surviving in Christian buildings: e.g. axiality, centralized space, the apse, the atrium.

19. Early Christian and Byzantine-period non-religious architecture.

20. Specialized regional studies: Early Medieval architecture (before 800) in:

--Armenia

--Syria

--British Isles

--France

--Germany

--Spain

21. Early Christian style as ultimate Late-Antique style.

22. Specific rituals and their architectural formulation (e.g. baptism, burial, visit to martyria and shrines, visiting the dead).

23. Proportion studies/numerology in Early Christian architecture.

24. National/local character as influence in Early Christian architecture.

25. "Sacred spot": instances of pagan/Jewish/mystery cult sacrality used or excised in church-building.

26. Church ritual as Roman court ritual: possible impact on church building.

27. Roman villas as prototype for monastic architecture.

28. Byzantine elements in Carolingian and Ottonian architecture.

29. Byzantine and eastern elements in Romanesque architecture.

In addition to these, almost any of the main buildings can serve as the subject of a term paper, exception made for St. Peter's, Hagia Sofia, and other megamonuments.

TERM PAPER RESEARCH AND ASSEMBLY

How few students (and scholars) know how to do efficient research! They imagine that one does research in the humanities by running around to the greatest possible number of libraries and copying out of the greatest possible number of books. You cannot afford such a pointless waste of time. Follow these suggestions and rules and you will write twice as fine a paper in half the time:

1. Work researchers say that one hour of planning saves 20 hours of chaotic running about. Read and ponder this sheet for one hour before anything else.

2. Read carefully the appended bibliography on Early Christian/Byzantine architecture. It incorporates the suggestions of scholars who have worked in the field for decades. Read and ponder it for two hours more before you select your topic and plan a campaign of research.

3. Spend 90% of your time in the Frick Fine Arts Library, with only high-speed glances at holdings in Hillman, Carnegie, or the Carnegie-Mellon libraries.

4. Ordinarily, 90% of the scholarship you read should be published after 1937. There are exceptions, but the great mass of important writing on Early Christian/Byzantine architecture dates from then (e.g. Krautheimer Corpus).

5. You will probably find that 50% of your valuable research material comes from books you located on the Internet or PITTCAT; 25% will come from the reserve shelf and books immediately available in the reading room and reference room; and 25% will come from articles. Distribute your research time accordingly!

6. Learn to use PITTCAT with every possible heading. The most efficient way to locate a book is by the name of its author, but in the beginning you will not know what authors you are looking for. You must in that case find books by subject headings. If your object is a church in a particular city, look up both the church and the city by name. Look up general groups by group headings: Churches, Palaces, Monasteries, etc. After that, look up the general field: "Architecture: Byzantine: Greece". Consult--briefly!--Head Librarian Ray Anne Lockard for help in determining the right headings: she will show you the Library of Congress Thesaurus of headings.

7. The quickest way to enter the world of scholarship on any topic is to consult the relevant volume(s) in the various history of art series. For our period the two best series volumes are both on reserve: Krautheimer and Conant (Carolingian/Romanesque architecture), both in the "Pelican History of Art." If you want to know the companion volumes in these two series, look up their complete holdings in PITTCAT under "Pelican." Other series you might want to consult are: "World of Art Library" (Thames & Hudson), "History of World Architecture" (Abrams), "Arts of Mankind," and "Art-Ideas-History" (Skira). Most are in the Frick reading room. The Pelican and Abrams volumes have extensive bibliographies, footnotes and illlustrations at the back: these are invaluable in finding leads to your paper topics.

8. An efficient source of information is the Encyclopedia of World Art. There are two copies available. Use the index to find your theme or specific monuments. Useful also are the following encyclopedias: the McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Art; Henri Steinlin's Encyclopedia of World Architecture; The MacMillan Encyclopedia of Architects.

9. Periodical literature is most amply found (in English) in the index to the Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians; indices to the Art Bulletin, 1913-1973; and RILA, an abstracts index to periodical literature in art. These three resources are found in the reference room. Also there is the Art Index, cataloguing art and architecture articles since 1927; the Chicago Art Institute Guide to Periodical Literature; and the Avery Library Index to Architectural Periodicals. All of these guides will lead you to important literature in articles: you will then have to order the articles themselves through the page in the library reading room. For completeness, you might wish to know that the Avery Library catalogue of books is at both the Carnegie Public Library and Carnegie-Mellon; while the Catalogue of Books and Periodicals of the Harvard University Graduate School of Design is at Carnegie-Mellon alone. The value of looking up these catalogues in search of articles is obvious; but there is value in looking through them for their lists of books, too. Possibly Frick has a book of major importance to you, but you missed it in the card catalogue; or there is a very important book that you find in the catalogue of another library. If so it can be ordered for you by inter-library loan, and you'll have it within two weeks.

10. You can profitably consult one or all of five special bibliographic guides to art history. These are Arntzen and Rainwater's Guide to the Literature of Art History and Lois Jones's Art Research Methods and Resources. Both are excellent guides, as is Donald Ehresmann's Fine Arts: A Bibliographic Guide and Kleinbauer and Slaven's Research Guide to the History of Western Art. Of secondary value, and available only at Carnegie-Mellon, is D.L. Smith's How to Find out in Architecture and Building. Note also the specialized guides below.

11. It's become virtually impossible to guide anyone through the Internet. Use google, vivisimo, askjeeves, or any of the search engines, and let them take you to what seems most valuable.

The following list identifies the scans from Krautheimer's Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture that are now mounted on the course website: the numbers below indicate the corresponding page in the book, designated as t(op), b(ottom), l(eft) or r(ight), as necessary.

019 map of Italy

020 map of Eastern Mediterranean

031 Rome: catacombs 3-4th c.

033 Rome: shrine St. Peter's 2nd c.

034t Rome: S. Callisto: chapel popes c.250

035b Rome: S. Sebastiano triclia c. 258

036 Rome: S. Crisogono early 4th c.

044t Aquileia: twin cathedral 4th c.

044b Orleansville, N. Africa: double-apsed basilica 4th/5th c.

046t Rome: Lateran, 313ff, isometric reconstruction

047� Rome: Lateran, 313ff, 17th c. reconstruction view

049 Trier, Germany: 4th c. twin cathedral

052 Rome: S. Lorenzo basilica c. 330

053t Rome: S. Agnese basilica ambulatory c. 350

053b Rome: S. Sebastiano c. 313 model

055t Rome: St. Peters, before 324: recon. view

055b Rome: St. Peters, before 324: recon. plan

057 Rome: St. Peters, before 324: atrium in 16th c. view

059 Bethleham: Constantine's church of the Nativity c. 333, isometric

61 Jerusalem: Holy Sepulcher basilica, c. 335: interior recon.

062 Jerusalem: Holy Sepulcher basilica, c. 335: plan

063 Jerusalem: Holy Sepulcher basilica as shown on 7th-c. bread mold

066 Rome: S. Costanza c. 350: int

071 Constantinople: 5th c. palaces near the hippodrome

074 Jerusalem: Holy Sepulcher: rotunda viewed in 17th c.

079t Milan: S. Lorenzo, late 4th c.: plan

079b� Milan: S. Lorenzo, late 4th c.: ext. as existing today

080 Milan: S. Lorenzo, late 4th c.: int. as revised in 16th c.

082 Milan: Holy Apostles, late 4th c.; isometric reconstruction

084 Milan: S. Tecla cathedral w. baptistery: mid-4th c. plan

086t Trier, Germany: north basilica as in late 4th c: reconstruction isometric

086b Trier: St. Gereon as in late 4th c: reconstruction plan

087 Rome: St. Paul's, late 4th c; as in 19th c.: int.view

089 Rome: S. Maria Maggiore, c. 430s; interior today

090 Rome: Lateran baptistery c. 315 and mid-5th c.: section

091t Rome: S. Stefano, ext. reconstruction from mid-5th c.

091b Rome: S. Stefano, int. today, mid-5th c.

100 Thessaloniki (Salonica): Archeiropoietos church, late 5th c.: plan & section

101t Salonica: Archeiropoietos church, late 5th c.: interior today

104 Constantinople: St. John Studios, mid 5th c: interior remains today

106 Ephesus, Turkey: St. John, plan from mid-5th c.

107t Ephesus: St. Mary church: 5th and 6th c.; view of remains today

107b Ephesus, Turkey: St. Mary church: 5th and 6th c.: reconstruction plan

113 Hermopolis, Egypt: plan of early 5th-c cathedral

119 Epidauros, Greece: basilica plan, early 5th c.

124 Thessaloniki, St. Demetrios, late 5th c., plan & ext. recon.

125 Thessaloniki, St. Demetrios, late 5th c., exterior today

126 Thessaloniki, St. Demetrios, late 5th c., interior post-fire today

127 Thessaloniki, St. Demetrios, late 5th c., interior det. pre-fire

138 Seleucia-Pieria, Syria: martyrium (?) late 5th c.

144 Qalat Siman, Syria: baptistery, late 5th c., ext. view of remains

145 Qalat Siman, Syria: martyrium, late 5th c., plan

146/7 Qalat Siman, Syria: martyrium, late 5th c., remains today

148t �Qalat Siman, Syria: martyrium, ext. recon. view

148b� Qalat Siman, Syria: martyrium, late 5th c., int. of octagon today

150t Qalat Siman, Syria: martyrium, late 5th c., view of apses

150b Qalat Siman, Syria: martyrium, late 5th c., facade remains today

158 Gerasa, Jordan: church of the Prophets, Apostles, & Martyrs: 465; plan